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Z Scores

Normal Curve

The z-score

The number of standard deviations from the mean is called the z-score and can be found by the formula

x  –  m
z  =    ——–
s

x is the value

m is “mu”, the mean

s is standard deviation

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Empirical rule – The 68-95-99.7 Rule

Empirical rule

Empirical rule

The 68-95-99.7 Rule
For Normal Distributions

This rule applies generally to a variable X having normal (bell-shaped or mound-shaped) distribution with mean "mu" (the greek letter) and standard deviation "sigma" (the greek letter). However, this rule does not apply to distributions that are not normal.

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Frost, Holloway H. – Commander

On A Destroyer's Bridge by Frost USN, Commander Holloway H
On A Destroyer’s Bridge by Frost USN, Commander Holloway H

“There are three kinds of lies – lies, damnable lies, and statistics.”

  • Also attributed to Mark Twain